WORLD BIOMES : EXTENSION

PRERNA FOR IAS

WORLD BIOMES : EXTENSION

1. Forest Biomes and Biodiversity

Forest biomes are among the most diverse ecosystems on Earth. Examples include tropical rainforests such as the Amazon and boreal forests of Scandinavia and Canada. These forests provide habitat for countless species of plants, animals, birds, insects, and microorganisms. They act as major carbon sinks, regulate climate, conserve soil, and maintain water cycles. Tropical forests have the highest biodiversity due to warm temperatures and abundant rainfall. Forest ecosystems support ecological balance and provide valuable resources such as timber, medicines, and food. Conserving forest biomes is essential for biodiversity protection, climate regulation, and sustainable development worldwide.

2. Tundra Biome

The tundra is the coldest terrestrial biome and is often referred to as a “barren land” because of its sparse vegetation. It is found in Arctic regions and high mountain areas where temperatures remain low for most of the year. The ground contains permafrost, a permanently frozen layer that limits plant growth. Vegetation mainly includes mosses, lichens, grasses, and dwarf shrubs. Despite harsh conditions, animals such as Arctic foxes, caribou, reindeer, and migratory birds survive through special adaptations. The tundra plays a vital role in global climate regulation and stores large amounts of carbon.

3. Temperate Grasslands

Temperate grasslands are extensive open areas dominated by grasses and very few trees. They are known by different names, such as Prairies in North America, Steppes in Eurasia, Pampas in South America, and Velds in Africa. These regions experience moderate rainfall and seasonal temperature variations. Fertile soils make temperate grasslands important agricultural areas. They support grazing animals such as deer, antelope, bison, rabbits, and various bird species. Grasslands are maintained by periodic fires and grazing activities. These ecosystems contribute significantly to food production, biodiversity conservation, and ecological balance across many regions of the world.

4. Savanna Biome