UNION JUDICIARY

PRERNA FOR IAS

UNION JUDICIARY

1. Establishment of the Supreme Court (Article 124) –

Article 124 provides for the establishment of the Supreme Court of India, the highest judicial authority in the country. It was established on 26 January 1950, replacing the Federal Court of India. The Supreme Court acts as the guardian of the Constitution and protector of fundamental rights. Its headquarters is located in New Delhi, although it may sit elsewhere if approved by the President. The Court ensures the rule of law and constitutional governance. It serves as the final court of appeal in India and plays a crucial role in interpreting laws and resolving disputes.

2. Composition of the Supreme Court (Article 124) –

The Supreme Court consists of the Chief Justice of India (CJI) and other judges as determined by Parliament. Originally, the Constitution provided for one Chief Justice and seven judges, but the number has increased over time to meet growing judicial needs. Judges are appointed by the President of India. The Court's composition ensures efficient functioning and timely delivery of justice. The Supreme Court hears constitutional matters, civil disputes, criminal appeals, and public interest cases. Its structure enables it to perform its role as the highest judicial institution in the country effectively and independently.

3. Chief Justice of India (Article 124) –

The Chief Justice of India (CJI) is the head of the Supreme Court and the Indian judiciary. The President appoints the CJI from among the judges of the Supreme Court, generally following the principle of seniority. The CJI allocates cases, constitutes benches, and oversees the administration of the judiciary. As the highest judicial officer, the Chief Justice plays a key role in maintaining judicial independence and constitutional governance. The CJI also participates in important constitutional decisions and serves as a vital link between the judiciary, executive, and legislature in safeguarding democratic values.

4. Appointment of Judges (Article 124) –

Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President of India after consultation with senior judges of the Supreme Court. At present, appointments are made through the Collegium System, under which the Chief Justice of India and senior judges recommend candidates. A person must be a citizen of India and possess prescribed legal qualifications to become a Supreme Court judge. The appointment process aims to ensure judicial competence, independence, and integrity. An independent judiciary is essential for maintaining constitutional supremacy and protecting citizens' rights against arbitrary actions by the government or other authorities.

5. Tenure of Judges (Articles 124 and 124A) –