VEDIC PERIOD

PRERNA FOR IAS

         Mehnat Aapki, Guidance Humari

         Roz ki Prelims Practice — Experts ke Saath

VEDIC PERIOD

1. Early Vedic Period Economy

The economy of the Early Vedic Period was mainly based on pastoralism, with cattle rearing being the primary occupation. Cows were considered a symbol of wealth, prosperity, and social status, while horses, sheep, goats, and buffaloes were also reared. Agriculture existed but played a secondary role. Metals such as gold (Hiranya) and copper (Ayas) were known, whereas iron was not yet widely used. Trade was carried out through barter, and merchants were known as Vanik. Skilled artisans such as carpenters, potters, and chariot makers contributed to economic life. Livestock formed the backbone of the Early Vedic economy.

2. Later Vedic Period Economy

During the Later Vedic Period, agriculture became the dominant occupation, replacing pastoralism as the main source of livelihood. Farmers cultivated crops such as rice, wheat, barley, pulses, sesame, and sugarcane. The use of iron tools greatly improved farming techniques and increased agricultural production. Trade and commerce expanded, leading to the growth of markets and professional occupations. Metal industries flourished, producing tools, weapons, and ornaments. Wealth was measured not only by cattle but also by land and precious metals. Coins were not yet common, but gold ornaments and silver objects were widely used for economic transactions.

3. Indian Philosophy

Indian philosophy is one of the world's oldest systems of thought, focusing on truth, knowledge, ethics, liberation, and the purpose of life. It is broadly classified into Astika (Orthodox) schools, which accept the authority of the Vedas, and Nastika (Heterodox) schools, which do not. Orthodox schools include Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Samkhya, Yoga, Mimamsa, and Vedanta, while heterodox traditions include Buddhism, Jainism, Charvaka, and Ajivika. Indian philosophy explores concepts such as karma, rebirth, dharma, and moksha. These philosophical traditions have deeply influenced Indian religion, culture, education, ethics, and spiritual practices for thousands of years.

4. Astika (Orthodox) Schools of Philosophy