THE WESTERN GHATS

PRERNA FOR IAS

THE WESTERN GHATS

1. Geographical Profile & Extent

The Western Ghats are a continuous mountain range stretching for about 1,600 km along the western coast of India. They pass through Gujarat, Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu. The range forms the western edge of the Deccan Plateau and acts as a major climatic barrier by intercepting the southwest monsoon winds. Anamudi (2,695 metres) in Kerala is the highest peak of the Western Ghats and South India. The range creates a rain-shadow region on its eastern side, influencing rainfall distribution. It is one of India’s most important geographical and ecological features, supporting biodiversity, agriculture, and water resources.

2. Geological Formation & Classification

The Western Ghats are among the oldest mountain ranges in the world and were formed by the faulting of the western edge of the Deccan Plateau during the breakup of the ancient supercontinent Gondwana. They are not fold mountains like the Himalayas but are fault-block mountains. Geologically, the range is divided into three sections: the Northern Ghats, dominated by Deccan basalt lava flows; the Central Ghats, consisting mainly of granitic rocks; and the Southern Ghats, characterised by high massifs and ancient crystalline rocks. This geological diversity contributes to varied landforms, mineral resources, soils, and ecosystems.

3. Biodiversity Hotspot

The Western Ghats are recognised as one of the world's eight hottest biodiversity hotspots and are designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The region has exceptionally high levels of endemism, with many species found nowhere else on Earth. Iconic animals include the Lion-tailed Macaque, Nilgiri Tahr, Nilgiri Langur, and Purple Frog. The Ghats also contain unique Shola forests and montane grasslands, which support rich plant and animal diversity. Thousands of flowering plants, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and mammals inhabit these forests. Protecting this biodiversity is essential for ecological balance, scientific research, and sustainable development.

4. Hydrological Significance

The Western Ghats are often called the "Water Tower of Peninsular India" because they are the source of many major rivers. East-flowing rivers such as the Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri originate here and flow into the Bay of Bengal, supporting agriculture, drinking water, and hydroelectric projects across southern India. Short and swift west-flowing rivers drain into the Arabian Sea. The Ghats receive heavy rainfall from the southwest monsoon, helping recharge groundwater and maintain river flow throughout the year. Their forests regulate the water cycle, reduce floods, prevent soil erosion, and sustain millions of people dependent on these rivers.

5. Agricultural & Economic Impact

The Western Ghats play a vital role in India's agriculture and economy. Their fertile soils, moderate climate, and abundant rainfall make them ideal for plantation crops such as coffee, tea, cardamom, pepper, and other spices. The Baba Budan Hills are famous for coffee cultivation, while the Cardamom Hills are renowned for spices. Agriculture, forestry, tourism, and hydropower generate employment and income for millions of people. The region supports numerous villages, plantations, and industries based on natural resources. Sustainable management of these resources is essential to balance economic growth with environmental conservation and ensure long-term ecological stability.

6. Conservation Debate (Gadgil vs. Kasturirangan)

The conservation of the Western Ghats has been shaped by two major expert committee reports. The Gadgil Committee (2011) recommended declaring the entire Western Ghats as an Ecologically Sensitive Area (ESA), promoting community participation and imposing strict restrictions on mining, dams, and large-scale development. The Kasturirangan Committee (2013) proposed a more balanced approach by recommending protection for about 37% of the Ghats while allowing regulated development in other areas. This debate reflects the challenge of balancing environmental conservation with economic development. Policymakers continue to seek sustainable solutions that protect biodiversity while supporting local livelihoods and infrastructure growth.