MAJOR CLASSICAL DANCE FORMS OF INDIA

PRERNA FOR IAS

MAJOR CLASSICAL DANCE FORMS OF INDIA

 AND

 IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES

(UPSC Notes)

1. Bharatanatyam (Tamil Nadu)

Bharatanatyam is one of the oldest classical dance forms of India and originated in the temples of Tamil Nadu. It evolved from the ancient Sadir dance performed by Devadasis. The dance is based on the principles of the Natya Shastra. It combines three elements—Bhava (expression), Raga (melody), and Tala (rhythm). The dance is characterized by geometric postures, fixed upper torso, bent knees (Araimandi), expressive eye movements, and intricate footwork. Themes are generally drawn from Hindu mythology, especially stories of Shiva, Vishnu, and Krishna. The costume consists of a pleated fan-shaped garment and temple jewellery. Important exponents include Rukmini Devi Arundale, Balasaraswati, and Yamini Krishnamurthy. Bharatanatyam is regarded as a perfect blend of devotion, discipline, and aesthetics and remains one of the most widely practiced classical dances in India.

2. Kathak (Uttar Pradesh)

Kathak originated in North India and derives its name from the Sanskrit word "Katha," meaning story. It developed through the storytelling traditions of wandering bards known as Kathakars. During the Mughal period, Kathak absorbed Persian and Central Asian influences, leading to graceful movements and courtly elegance. The dance is characterized by fast footwork, spins (Chakkars), rhythmic patterns, and expressive storytelling. Unlike many other classical dances, Kathak places great emphasis on rhythm and improvisation. The major gharanas are Lucknow, Jaipur, and Banaras. Themes include stories from the Ramayana, Mahabharata, Krishna legends, and occasionally secular themes. Costumes often reflect Mughal influence, including flowing skirts and churidars. Renowned exponen