Samudra Manthan Scheme: National Offshore Exploration Initiative for Energy Security

PRERNA FOR IAS

         Mehnat Aapki, Guidance Humari

         Roz ki Prelims Practice — Experts ke Saath

Samudra Manthan Scheme: National Offshore Exploration Initiative for Energy Security

Introduction

The Union Cabinet has approved the Samudra Manthan Scheme (National Offshore Exploration Scheme) with a total outlay of ₹84,084 crore to accelerate offshore hydrocarbon exploration and strengthen India's energy security. The scheme aims to enhance domestic production of crude oil and natural gas by promoting scientific exploration of offshore sedimentary basins within India's Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). It is a major step towards reducing import dependence and supporting the vision of Atmanirbhar Bharat.

Background

India imports nearly 88.7% of its crude oil and around 50% of its natural gas (FY 2025–26), making the country vulnerable to global price volatility and geopolitical disruptions, particularly in West Asia. At the same time, production from existing onshore oil fields has been declining. Offshore exploration, especially in deep-water areas, requires high investment and carries significant geological risk. The scheme seeks to reduce these risks through government support and encourage greater participation in exploration activities.

Salient Features

The scheme will be implemented by the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas until 2030–31. It aims to add more than 600 Million Metric Tonnes of Oil Equivalent (MMTOE) to India's hydrocarbon reserves. The programme includes 60 deep-water exploratory wells, acquisition of advanced 3D seismic data, development of shared offshore production infrastructure, and establishment of manufacturing and service zones under Make in India. The Government will provide financial support for exploration to reduce investment risk and promote domestic offshore technologies.

India's Stand

India considers energy security a strategic priority and seeks to increase domestic hydrocarbon production while promoting sustainable development of marine resources under the Blue Economy framework. The Government supports responsible offshore exploration with strict environmental safeguards and encourages indigenous technology and manufacturing.

Current Status and Significance

With Cabinet approval, the scheme is set for phased implementation. It is expected to strengthen India's long-term energy security, reduce import dependence, boost offshore technology, generate employment in coastal states, and promote investments in heavy engineering, shipbuilding, digital geoscience, and logistics. The scheme will also enhance scientific mapping of India's EEZ and reinforce India's strategic maritime presence in regions such as the Krishna-Godavari Basin, Mumbai Offshore, and the Andaman Basin, contributing to both economic growth and national security.

Analytical Questions

1. Why is the Samudra Manthan Scheme important for India's long-term energy security?

Answer: India imports most of its crude oil and a large share of its natural gas. This makes the economy vulnerable to global conflicts and price shocks. Samudra Manthan aims to increase domestic production, reduce import dependence, and ensure a more reliable energy supply for future economic growth.

2. Why should the Government support offshore exploration instead of leaving it entirely to private companies?

Answer: Deep-water exploration involves huge investments and uncertain outcomes. Private companies may hesitate because of high financial risks. Government support reduces this uncertainty and encourages exploration. This partnership helps discover new energy resources while protecting an area that is strategically important for national energy security.

3. How does the Samudra Manthan Scheme contribute to the Blue Economy beyond oil and gas production?

Answer: The scheme encourages scientific mapping of India's Exclusive Economic Zone, develops offshore infrastructure, and promotes marine technology. It also creates opportunities in shipbuilding, logistics, engineering, and research. Thus, it supports economic growth while strengthening India's overall maritime capability under the Blue Economy framework.

4. Offshore exploration creates opportunities as well as challenges. Discuss with reference to the Samudra Manthan Scheme.

Answer: The scheme can improve energy security, generate employment, and attract investment. However, offshore drilling may affect marine biodiversity and fishing communities if not managed carefully. Strict environmental assessments, modern technology, and regular monitoring are essential to balance economic development with environmental protection.

5. How can the Samudra Manthan Scheme strengthen India's strategic position in the Indian Ocean Region?

Answer: Greater offshore exploration increases India's presence in its Exclusive Economic Zone and improves knowledge of maritime resources. It also strengthens coastal infrastructure and energy security. A stronger maritime presence supports India's strategic interests, enhances economic resilience, and reinforces its role as a leading power in the Indian Ocean Region.