Rethinking India’s Skilling Outcomes: From Welfare to Workforce Transformation
Scale without Impact
Over the past decade, India has built one of the world’s largest skilling ecosystems, training about 1.4 crore candidates under flagship schemes such as PMKVY. Yet skilling has failed to become a first-choice aspiration for youth. Employability outcomes remain uneven, wage gains modest, and most certified workers are absorbed into informal employment where skills receive limited recognition and quality-of-life improvements are marginal.
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