RAMSAR SITES

PRERNA FOR IAS

RAMSAR SITES

Ramsar Sites: Internationally Important Wetlands

Ramsar Sites are wetlands recognized as being of international importance under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, an intergovernmental treaty dedicated to the conservation and wise use of wetlands. The Convention was signed on 2 February 1971 in the city of Ramsar, Iran, and came into force in 1975. India became a Contracting Party to the Convention on 1 February 1982.

The origin of the Convention lay in growing global concern over the rapid loss of wetlands and the decline of migratory waterbirds. Ramsar Sites include lakes, marshes, mangroves, estuaries, floodplains, coral reefs and other wetland ecosystems. Their importance lies in biodiversity conservation, groundwater recharge, flood control, carbon sequestration, climate regulation, water purification and livelihood support for local communities. Wetlands also serve as critical habitats for migratory birds and aquatic species.

As of June 2026, India has 100 Ramsar Sites, with the addition of Jai Prakash Narayan Bird Sanctuary (Surha Tal), Uttar Pradesh, as the country's 100th Ramsar Site. India is among the leading countries in Asia in wetland conservation.

UPSC Quick Fact:
World Wetlands Day is observed every year on 2 February to commemorate the signing of the Ramsar Convention.

1. Highest Number of Ramsar Sites

Tamil Nadu has the highest number of Ramsar Sites in India, reflecting its rich wetland diversity and strong conservation efforts. These wetlands include mangroves, bird sanctuaries, estuaries, and coastal ecosystems that support numerous species of plants, fish, and migratory birds. Ramsar recognition helps protect these ecologically important areas and promotes sustainable use of wetland resources. The state's wetlands contribute significantly to biodiversity conservation, fisheries, tourism, and climate regulation. They also act as natural buffers against floods and coastal erosion. Tamil Nadu’s leadership in wetland conservation demonstrates the importance of preserving natural ecosystems for future generations.

2. Largest Ramsar Site

The largest Ramsar Site in India is the Sundarbans Wetland in West Bengal. It is part of the world’s largest mangrove forest and is famous for its unique biodiversity, including the Royal Bengal Tiger. The wetland consists of rivers, estuaries, mudflats, and mangrove forests that support numerous aquatic and terrestrial species. It acts as a natural shield against cyclones and coastal erosion. The Sundarbans also provide livelihood opportunities through fishing and tourism. Its ecological significance extends beyond India, making it a globally important wetland recognized under the Ramsar Convention for conservation and sustainable management.

3. Smallest Ramsar Site