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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Summary for revision and details for study

8 March 2026

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

SUMMARY

1. The Global State of Digital 2025: Connectivity as Core Infrastructure

  • Digital adoption is deepening globally through rising internet, smartphone, and social media use.
  • Connectivity is now foundational infrastructure like roads and electricity.
  • Digital access determines participation in markets, governance, and democracy.
  • The ecosystem is increasingly “mobile-first,” with smartphones as primary internet devices.
  • Apps dominate banking, e-commerce, governance, and communication.
  • Digital intensity is rising—more time online, more digital transactions.
  • Integrated payment systems and digital identity are embedding into daily life.
  • Greater connectivity expands economic productivity and cross-border trade.
  • However, risk exposure increases—cybercrime, phishing, ransomware.
  • Digital growth must be matched with cybersecurity, awareness, and data protection.

2. A Decade of Digital India: From Mission to Everyday Utility

  • Digital India evolved from an IT initiative to a governance strategy.
  • Built on Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI): identity, payments, service delivery.
  • Aadhaar, UPI, and mobile connectivity form an integrated digital stack.
  • Enabled Direct Benefit Transfers (DBT) and online certification.
  • Reduced paperwork, travel costs, and administrative friction.
  • Expanded digital inclusion for rural and marginalized communities.
  • Common Service Centres (CSCs) support assisted digital access.
  • Policy focus shifting from expansion to resilience and quality.
  • Uptime, cybersecurity, privacy-by-design are now governance guarantees.
  • Future success depends on trust, inclusion, and institutional accountability.

3. India’s AI Story: A Mission-Mode Investment

  • AI positioned as a general-purpose transformative technology.
  • Influences defence, healthcare, agriculture, education, governance.
  • Focus on ecosystem-building: compute, datasets, skills, startups.
  • Aim to reduce dependence on foreign infrastructure.
  • India’s scale and multilingual data provide unique advantages.
  • AI supports public service efficiency and economic growth.
  • Risks include bias, inequality, privacy concerns, cybersecurity exposure.
  • Requires responsible AI frameworks and audits.
  • Skilling and research investment are essential.
  • Strategy aligns innovation with safeguards and inclusion.

4. Fog, Cloud, and Edge Computing: Architecture Evolution

  • Centralized cloud remains foundational but insufficient alone.
  • IoT growth demands real-time, low-latency processing.
  • Edge computing processes data near source devices.
  • Benefits: faster response, reduced bandwidth load, improved reliability.
  • Fog computing acts as an intermediate coordination layer.
  • Layered architecture supports smart cities and industrial IoT.
  • Distributed systems increase cybersecurity complexity.
  • Traditional perimeter security model is outdated.
  • Zero-trust and continuous authentication are necessary.
  • Architecture integration ensures scalable and secure digital systems.

5. Cybercrime in India: Evolving Threat Landscape

  • Digital penetration has increased cybercrime exposure.
  • Fraud operations now resemble organized businesses.
  • Phishing, SIM swaps, QR scams, identity theft are common.
  • Social engineering exploits human psychology.
  • AI and automation enhance fraud sophistication.
  • Deepfakes and voice cloning expand manipulation risks.
  • Cybercrime impacts citizens, businesses, and government.
  • Requires coordinated law enforcement and institutional action.
  • Emphasis on awareness, MFA, and fraud detection systems.
  • Digital growth must evolve alongside resilience.

6. Emerging Cybersecurity Technologies: Defence Modernisation

  • Traditional firewalls and antivirus tools are insufficient.

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