ECOSYSTEM

PRERNA FOR IAS

ECOSYSTEM

1. Ecosystem – Definition

An ecosystem is a structural and functional unit of nature where living organisms interact with one another and with their physical environment. The living components, called biotic factors, include plants, animals, and microorganisms. The non-living components, known as abiotic factors, include sunlight, water, air, soil, minerals, temperature, and humidity. Ecosystems function through the flow of energy and the cycling of nutrients. These interactions create a dynamic balance that supports life on Earth. Ecosystems can vary in size from a small pond to an entire forest or ocean. They are essential for maintaining biodiversity, ecological stability, and environmental sustainability.

2. Components of an Ecosystem

An ecosystem consists of two major components: biotic and abiotic factors. Biotic components include all living organisms such as plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms. Abiotic components include non-living elements like sunlight, water, soil, air, minerals, temperature, and pH. Both components are interconnected and depend on each other for survival. Plants use sunlight and nutrients to produce food, while animals depend on plants and other organisms for energy. Abiotic factors influence the distribution and growth of living organisms. Together, these components create a balanced system where energy flows and nutrients circulate continuously, ensuring the proper functioning of the ecosystem.

3. Pond Ecosystem

A pond ecosystem is a freshwater ecosystem where living organisms interact with water and other environmental factors. It contains producers such as phytoplankton and aquatic plants that prepare food through photosynthesis. Consumers include fish, insects, frogs, birds, and other animals that feed on plants or other organisms. Decomposers such as bacteria and fungi break down dead organic matter and recycle nutrients back into the ecosystem. Abiotic components include sunlight, water, dissolved oxygen, temperature, minerals, and soil. A pond ecosystem demonstrates how energy flows through different trophic levels and how organisms depend on one another to maintain ecological balance.

4. Biotic Factors (Living Components)