ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF HARRAPPANS

PRERNA FOR IAS

ECONOMIC CONDITIONS OF HARRAPPANS

a) Agriculture

Agriculture was the backbone of the Harappan economy and the primary occupation of its people. The fertile alluvial soil of the Indus River basin supported the cultivation of crops such as wheat, barley, peas, sesame, and cotton, while rice was grown in some regions. Farmers depended mainly on annual floods that deposited nutrient-rich silt, ensuring good harvests. Evidence suggests that wooden ploughs were used for tilling fields, and granaries were built to store surplus produce. Agricultural surplus supported urban centres, trade, and population growth. This well-organised farming system formed the economic foundation of the Harappan or Indus Valley Civilization.

b) Domestication of Animals

Animal domestication played an important role in the Harappan economy and daily life. Archaeological evidence from seals and terracotta figurines indicates that the Harappans domesticated animals such as cattle, buffaloes, oxen, goats, sheep, dogs, camels, and elephants. These animals were used for farming, transportation, milk production, and trade. Oxen likely helped in ploughing fields and pulling carts, while cattle symbolised wealth and prosperity. Interestingly, there is very little evidence of the horse during the Mature Harappan period, suggesting it was either absent or not commonly used. Animal husbandry complemented agriculture and strengthened the civilisation’s economic stability.

c) Crafts