BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT OF THE WORLD

PRERNA FOR IAS

BIODIVERSITY HOTSPOT OF THE WORLD

1. What is a Biodiversity Hotspot?

A biodiversity hotspot is a geographical region that contains an exceptionally high number of endemic species, meaning species found nowhere else on Earth, and is also under severe threat from habitat destruction. The concept was introduced by Norman Myers in 1988 to identify areas requiring urgent conservation efforts. Biodiversity hotspots are rich in plants, animals, and microorganisms that contribute significantly to global biodiversity. Despite covering a small portion of the Earth's surface, these regions support a large percentage of the world's species. Protecting biodiversity hotspots is essential for preserving ecological balance, genetic diversity, and the survival of endangered species.

2. How Biodiversity Hotspots are Identified

Biodiversity hotspots are identified through scientific surveys, species assessments, and ecological studies. According to Norman Myers’ criteria, a region must satisfy two conditions to qualify as a hotspot. First, it must contain at least 1,500 endemic species of vascular plants. Second, it must have lost at least 70% of its original natural vegetation due to human activities or environmental changes. Scientists collect extensive data on species richness, endemism, and habitat loss before classifying an area as a hotspot. This method helps conservationists prioritize regions where protection efforts can have the greatest impact on preserving global biodiversity.

3. Major Biodiversity Hotspot Regions of the World

The world currently recognizes 34 biodiversity hotspots, although some modern classifications identify 36 hotspots. These regions are spread across continents and include the Tropical Andes, Himalayas, Western Ghats, Indo-Burma, Madagascar, Mediterranean Basin, Philippines, Sundaland, Caribbean Islands, and others. These areas support an extraordinary variety of plant and animal species, many of which are endemic. However, they are also among the most threatened ecosystems due to deforestation, urbanization, pollution, and climate change. Conservation of these hotspots is a global priority because they contain a significant proportion of the world's biological wealth and ecological resources.

4. Characteristic Features of Biodiversity Hotspots